Flashcards · 7405 · A Level Topic 29

Amines (A Level) flashcards

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Primary / secondary / tertiary amine: One / two / three carbons bonded to N (RNH₂, R₂NH, R₃N).
Quaternary ammonium ion: Four carbons bonded to N, R₄N⁺. Its salts are R₄N⁺X⁻.
Two ways to make a primary aliphatic amine: Halogenoalkane + excess NH₃ in ethanol, heated in a sealed container (gives a mixture by further substitution). Reduction of a nitrile, e.g. LiAlH₄ or H₂ with a Ni catalyst (primary amine only).
How is phenylamine made from nitrobenzene?: Reduction, e.g. Sn and concentrated HCl under reflux, then NaOH. C₆H₅NO₂ + 6[H] → C₆H₅NH₂ + 2H₂O
Base strength order: methylamine, ammonia, phenylamine: Methylamine > ammonia > phenylamine.
Explain the base strength order of primary aliphatic amine > NH₃ > phenylamine: A base accepts H⁺ with the N lone pair. Alkyl groups release electron density, so N is more electron-rich. In phenylamine the lone pair is delocalised into the ring, so it is less available.
Cationic surfactant: A surfactant whose ionic head group is positive, e.g. a quaternary ammonium salt with one long hydrocarbon chain.
Product of ethanoyl chloride with propylamine: N-propylethanamide, CH₃CONHCH₂CH₂CH₃ (plus propylammonium chloride with excess amine).