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Flashcards · 2059 · Topic 1
Paper 1 – The History and Culture of Pakistan flashcards
31 cards on Topic 1, subtopics 1.1 to 1.3. Pick a subtopic or study them all.
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1.1 Cultural and Historical Background to the Pakistan Movement
- Why did the Mughal Empire decline after 1707?
- Internal weakness (the costs and policies of Aurangzeb’s reign, weak successors, wars of succession) combined with external pressure (invasions such as Nadir Shah’s in 1739, and the expansion of the East India Company). Explain how they worked together.
- What did Shah Waliullah (1703–62) contribute to Muslim revival?
- He translated the Qur’an into Persian so more Muslims could read it, and called for Muslim unity around scripture.
- Who was Syed Ahmad Barelvi?
- A religious reformer who led the Jihad movement in the north-west against Sikh rule. He was killed at the Battle of Balakot in 1831.
- What was the Faraizi movement?
- A movement in Bengal led by Haji Shariatullah, calling Muslims back to their religious duties (faraiz) and defending Muslim peasants against landlords.
- How did the East India Company gain control of Bengal?
- Robert Clive defeated Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula at the Battle of Plassey (1757), and victory at Buxar (1764) gave the Company the right to collect revenue in Bengal.
- What were the causes of the War of Independence of 1857?
- The Doctrine of Lapse and other annexations, the greased cartridges, missionary activity, economic distress, and the loss of status of Indian rulers and soldiers.
- What were the consequences of 1857?
- The East India Company was replaced by direct Crown rule (1858), the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed and exiled, and Muslims were blamed disproportionately and excluded from government service and education.
- What did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–98) contribute?
- He founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental school at Aligarh in 1875 (a college from 1877), promoted modern scientific education with Islamic values, wrote The Causes of the Indian Revolt, and advanced the Two Nation Theory.
- What is the Two Nation Theory?
- The idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, with different religions, cultures, laws and histories, and therefore need separate political arrangements.
- Why were the pre-1857 reform movements important to the Pakistan Movement?
- They show that Muslim political and religious consciousness came before British policy, rather than simply being a reaction to it.
1.2 The Emergence of Pakistan, 1906–47
- What was the Simla Deputation (1906)?
- A group of Muslim leaders led by the Aga Khan who met the Viceroy, Lord Minto, in October 1906 to ask for separate electorates and safeguards for Muslims.
- When and where was the All-India Muslim League founded?
- In Dhaka, in December 1906, following the Simla Deputation. (Exam trap: 1906, not 1905.)
- What did the Morley–Minto Reforms (1909) give Muslims?
- Separate electorates, so Muslims voted for Muslim representatives.
- What was the Lucknow Pact (1916)?
- An agreement between Congress and the Muslim League in which Congress accepted separate electorates. It marked a brief period of cooperation.
- What was the Khilafat Movement (1919–24)?
- A campaign by Indian Muslims, led by the Ali brothers, to protect the Ottoman Caliphate after the First World War. It ended when Turkey abolished the Caliphate in 1924.
- What did the Nehru Report (1928) propose, and how did the Muslim League respond?
- Congress’s proposal replaced separate electorates with joint electorates and refused Muslim seat reservations in Bengal and the Punjab. Jinnah replied with his Fourteen Points (1929), restating separate electorates and safeguards.
- Who proposed a separate Muslim state in 1930, and who coined the name “Pakistan”?
- Allama Iqbal proposed a north-western Muslim state in his Allahabad Address (1930). Chaudhry Rahmat Ali coined the name “Pakistan” in 1933.
- Why were the Congress ministries of 1937–39 important?
- Their rule in the provinces convinced many Muslims that they would not be treated fairly in a Congress-led India. The League marked their resignation in 1939 as a Day of Deliverance.
- What was the Lahore Resolution (23 March 1940)?
- The Muslim League’s demand for independent states in the Muslim-majority areas of north-west and east India, later called the Pakistan Resolution.
- What was the 3 June Plan (1947)?
- Mountbatten’s plan for the partition of British India into two dominions, India and Pakistan. The Radcliffe Award drew the boundaries, and Pakistan became independent on 14 August 1947.
- Why did Jinnah change from “ambassador of Hindu–Muslim unity” to leader of the demand for Pakistan?
- Congress rule in the provinces and the failure of constitutional guarantees to protect Muslim interests convinced him that a separate state was necessary.
1.3 Nationhood, 1947–99
- What was the refugee problem Pakistan faced in 1947?
- Several million people crossed the border amid terrible violence, needing food, shelter and work. A Ministry of Refugees and Rehabilitation set up camps and allocated evacuee property, but resources were far too small.
- What was the problem of the division of assets in 1947?
- Pakistan was allocated 17.5% of undivided India’s financial assets but at first received only a fraction. India withheld Rs. 550 million, released after a Government of India decision in January 1948.
- How did the Kashmir dispute begin?
- With the disputed accession of the princely state in 1947, which led to the first war with India (1947–48). A UN-brokered ceasefire in January 1949 left Kashmir divided.
- What was the Objectives Resolution (1949)?
- A resolution passed by the Constituent Assembly in March 1949, under Liaquat Ali Khan, setting out the principles of the future constitution, including that sovereignty belongs to Allah.
- What was the Indus Waters Treaty (1960)?
- An agreement with India, mediated by the World Bank: Pakistan received the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) and India the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej).
- What were Ayub Khan’s Basic Democracies?
- A system of local councils introduced in 1959. The elected members also formed the electoral college that chose the president.
- How did East Pakistan become Bangladesh in 1971?
- The Awami League won a majority in the 1970 election, but power was not transferred. Military action in East Pakistan led to civil war and war with India, and East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh in December 1971.
- What were Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s main policies (1971–77)?
- The 1973 Constitution, the Simla Agreement with India (1972), nationalisation of major industries and banks, and land reforms.
- How did General Zia-ul-Haq come to power, and what was his main policy?
- He overthrew Bhutto in a military coup in July 1977 and pursued Islamisation, including the Hudood Ordinances (1979).
- What happened in Pakistan in May 1998 and October 1999?
- May 1998: Pakistan carried out nuclear tests at Chagai, after India’s tests. October 1999: General Pervez Musharraf removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in a military coup.