Flashcards · 4HI1 · Topic 1

Paper 1 – Depth Studies (choose at least 2 of 8) flashcards

54 cards on Topic 1, subtopics 1.1 to 1.8. Pick a subtopic or study them all.

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1.1 The French Revolution, c1780–99

What were the three Estates of pre-revolutionary France?: First Estate: the clergy. Second Estate: the nobility. Third Estate: everyone else, from wealthy lawyers to peasants, who paid most of the taxes.
Why was the French monarchy in financial crisis by 1788?: Heavy debts from wars, including support for the American War of Independence, an unfair tax system that exempted the privileged, and bad harvests that pushed up bread prices.
What was the Tennis Court Oath (20 June 1789)?: Third Estate deputies, now calling themselves the National Assembly, swore not to separate until France had a constitution.
Why is 14 July 1789 significant?: Crowds in Paris stormed the Bastille, a royal fortress and prison. It showed that the king had lost control of Paris.
When was the French monarchy abolished and Louis XVI executed?: France was declared a republic in September 1792, and Louis XVI was executed in January 1793.
What was the Terror (1793–94)?: Government by the Committee of Public Safety, dominated by Robespierre, in which suspected enemies of the Revolution were executed. It ended with Robespierre’s own execution in July 1794.
How did the revolutionary period end in 1799?: The Directory (from 1795) was weak and unpopular. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew it in a coup in November 1799.

1.2 Development of a Nation: Unification of Italy, 1848–70

Why did the 1848–49 revolutions in Italy fail?: Austria’s army defeated Piedmont (at Custoza in 1848 and Novara in 1849), the revolutionaries were divided, and French troops ended Mazzini’s Roman Republic in 1849.
How did Cavour use diplomacy to defeat Austria?: He won Napoleon III’s support at Plombières (1858). In the war of 1859 French and Piedmontese forces won at Magenta and Solferino, and Piedmont gained Lombardy.
What did Garibaldi achieve in 1860?: With the Thousand (Redshirts) he conquered Sicily and Naples, then handed them to Victor Emmanuel II.
When was the Kingdom of Italy proclaimed?: In 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II as king.
How were Venetia and Rome added to Italy?: Venetia in 1866, after Austria was defeated by Prussia (Italy’s ally). Rome in 1870, when French troops withdrew for the Franco-Prussian War.
Paper 1 skill: what does part (a), “What impression does the author give…?”, require?: State the author’s viewpoint and explain it using specific words and tone from the extract. The extract is a historian’s interpretation (AO4), so do not judge its reliability or usefulness.

1.3 Germany: Development of Dictatorship, 1918–45

Why was the Weimar Republic unpopular from the start?: Many Germans blamed it for the armistice and the Treaty of Versailles (the “stab in the back” myth), and it faced risings from the left (Spartacists, 1919) and right (Kapp Putsch, 1920).
What caused the hyperinflation of 1923?: After Germany missed reparations payments, France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr. Workers went on passive resistance and the government printed money to pay them.
What were the Stresemann years (1923–29) known for?: Recovery: the Rentenmark, the Dawes Plan (1924), the Locarno Treaties (1925), League membership (1926) and the Young Plan (1929).
Why did Nazi support grow after 1929?: The Depression caused mass unemployment. Nazi propaganda, promises of work and strong government, and fear of communism won votes; the Nazis became the largest party in July 1932.
Which three steps turned Hitler into a dictator in 1933–34?: The Enabling Act (March 1933), the Night of the Long Knives (June 1934), and becoming Führer when Hindenburg died (August 1934), with the army swearing loyalty to him.
How did the Nazis control Germany?: The SS and Gestapo, concentration camps, censorship and propaganda run by Goebbels, control of education and youth (the Hitler Youth), and the banning of other parties and trade unions.
How did Nazi policy treat women?: Women were encouraged to marry and have children (“Kinder, Küche, Kirche”), with loans and medals for large families. Many professional women were pushed out of work in the 1930s.

1.4 Colonial Rule and the Nationalist Challenge in India, 1919–47

What was the Amritsar massacre?: On 13 April 1919, troops under General Dyer fired on an unarmed crowd at Jallianwala Bagh, killing hundreds. It turned many Indians against British rule.
What was Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement (1920–22)?: A boycott of British goods, courts, schools and honours. Gandhi called it off after the violence at Chauri Chaura in 1922.
What was the Salt March (1930)?: Gandhi’s march to Dandi to make salt from the sea, breaking the British salt monopoly. It began a civil disobedience campaign.
What did the Government of India Act 1935 do?: It gave the provinces elected self-government. In the 1937 elections Congress won control of most provinces.
What was the Lahore Resolution (1940)?: The Muslim League, led by Jinnah, called for independent states in the Muslim-majority areas of north-west and east India.
What was the Quit India movement (1942)?: A Congress campaign demanding that Britain leave India immediately, launched after the Cripps Mission failed. Congress leaders were arrested.
How did India gain independence in 1947?: After the Cabinet Mission (1946) failed and communal violence grew, Mountbatten brought forward the British withdrawal. The Indian Independence Act created India and Pakistan in August 1947.

1.5 Dictatorship and Conflict in the USSR, 1924–53

How did Stalin defeat his rivals for the leadership after Lenin’s death in 1924?: As General Secretary he controlled party appointments. He allied first with Zinoviev and Kamenev against Trotsky, then with Bukharin against them. Trotsky was expelled from the USSR in 1929.
What were the aims and results of the first Five-Year Plans?: From 1928, rapid growth of heavy industry (coal, steel, oil, electricity) through state targets. Output rose greatly, but at the cost of hard conditions and forced labour.
What was collectivisation and what were its results?: Peasant farms were merged into collective farms from 1929. Kulaks were deported, and grain seizures caused a famine in 1932–33 in which millions died, especially in Ukraine.
What were the purges and show trials?: Stalin’s terror of the 1930s, peaking in 1936–38: leading Bolsheviks were tried and shot, the army officer corps was purged, and millions were arrested by the NKVD and sent to the gulags.
What was the cult of personality?: Propaganda that presented Stalin as a wise, all-knowing leader, through posters, statues, renamed towns and rewritten history.
How did the USSR fight the Second World War?: Germany invaded in June 1941 (Operation Barbarossa). The USSR held Moscow and Leningrad, moved industry east, won at Stalingrad (1942–43) and Kursk (1943), and reached Berlin in 1945.

1.6 A World Divided: Superpower Relations, 1943–72

What were the Grand Alliance conferences of 1943–45?: Tehran (1943), Yalta (February 1945) and Potsdam (July–August 1945). They planned the defeat and division of Germany, but disagreements over Poland and Germany grew.
Why did the USA introduce the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan in 1947?: To contain communism: the Truman Doctrine promised support to countries resisting it, and Marshall Aid rebuilt European economies so communism would be less attractive.
What were the results of the Berlin Blockade (1948–49)?: The Airlift kept West Berlin supplied, the USSR lifted the blockade, Germany was divided into two states (1949), and NATO was formed (1949).
Why was the Berlin Wall built in August 1961?: To stop East Germans escaping to the West through West Berlin.
What steps were taken to reduce tension after the Cuban Missile Crisis?: A hotline between Washington and Moscow (1963), the Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963) and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968).
How did the USSR respond to the Prague Spring (1968)?: Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and removed Dubček’s reforms. The Brezhnev Doctrine claimed the right to intervene to protect communism.
What was SALT I (1972)?: The first Strategic Arms Limitation agreement between the USA and USSR, limiting nuclear missiles. It was a key step in détente.

1.7 A Divided Union: Civil Rights in the USA, 1945–74

What was McCarthyism?: Senator Joseph McCarthy’s accusations, from 1950, that communists had infiltrated the US government. Many people lost their jobs; the Senate censured him in 1954.
What did Brown v Board of Education (1954) decide?: The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional.
What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56)?: After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat, Black residents boycotted the buses for over a year until the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional. Martin Luther King emerged as a leader.
What happened at Little Rock in 1957?: The Arkansas governor used the National Guard to stop nine Black students entering Central High School. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect them.
Which two laws of 1964 and 1965 were major civil rights achievements?: The Civil Rights Act (1964) banned segregation in public places and discrimination in employment. The Voting Rights Act (1965) banned literacy tests and other barriers to Black voting.
What was Black Power?: A movement from the mid-1960s stressing Black pride and self-reliance, and rejecting non-violence as the only method. Associated with Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael and the Black Panthers (1966).
What was the Watergate scandal?: A 1972 break-in at the Democratic headquarters was linked to President Nixon’s re-election team, and Nixon tried to cover it up. Facing impeachment, he resigned in August 1974.

1.8 South Africa: From Union to the End of Apartheid, 1948–94

What was apartheid?: A system of racial segregation introduced by the National Party after it won the 1948 election, classifying people by race and separating them in where they lived, worked and went to school.
Name three apartheid laws of the early 1950s: The Population Registration Act (1950), the Group Areas Act (1950) and the Bantu Education Act (1953).
What was the Freedom Charter (1955)?: A statement of demands, adopted at the Congress of the People, that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, with equal rights.
What happened at Sharpeville on 21 March 1960?: Police fired on a crowd protesting against the pass laws, killing 69 people. The government banned the ANC and PAC, and the ANC turned to armed struggle (Umkhonto we Sizwe, 1961).
What was the outcome of the Rivonia Trial (1963–64)?: Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment.
What was the Soweto uprising (1976)?: From 16 June 1976, school students protested against teaching in Afrikaans; police opened fire and hundreds were killed in the unrest that followed.
How did apartheid end?: President de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Mandela in February 1990. Negotiations led to the first elections open to all races in April 1994, and Mandela became president.