Flashcards · 9236 · Topic 1

Paper 1 – The History and Culture of Pakistan flashcards

34 cards on Topic 1, subtopics 3.1.1 to 3.1.4. Pick a subtopic or study them all.

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3.1.1 The Pakistan Movement (1857–1947)

Which reformers before 1857 show that Muslim consciousness predated British policy?: Shah Waliullah (1703–62), who translated the Qur’an into Persian and worked to unite Muslims around scripture, and Syed Ahmad Barelvi, who led the Jihad movement in the north-west.
What caused the War of Independence of 1857?: The Doctrine of Lapse and other British annexations, the greased-cartridges controversy, resentment at missionary activity, and wider economic distress.
What were the consequences of 1857 for Muslims?: Direct Crown rule replaced the East India Company, the Mughal emperor was deposed, and Muslims were blamed disproportionately and excluded from government service and education.
Why was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan important?: After 1857 he argued for reconciliation with British rule and modern education. He founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh (1875), which produced an educated Muslim professional class, including future Muslim League leaders.
What is the Two Nation Theory?: Sir Syed’s idea that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations in religion, culture, law and history. It became the intellectual foundation of the Pakistan Movement.
Why did Sir Syed oppose Muslim membership of Congress?: He argued that Muslims would be permanently outvoted by the Hindu majority within it.
Give the key dates of the Pakistan Movement, 1906–47: 1906 Muslim League founded. 1909 Morley–Minto Reforms (separate electorates). 1930 Allahabad Address. 1933 Rahmat Ali coins “Pakistan”. 1940 Lahore Resolution. 1947 independence and the Radcliffe Award.
Exam trap: who coined the name “Pakistan”?: Chaudhry Rahmat Ali, in 1933. Allama Iqbal proposed a north-western Muslim state in his Allahabad Address (1930) but did not coin the name.
What did the Lahore Resolution (1940) demand?: Separate, independent Muslim state (or states) in the north-western and eastern zones of British India.
Why is it wrong to say Jinnah always wanted partition?: He began as an “ambassador of Hindu–Muslim unity”. Congress provincial rule in 1937–39 and the failure of constitutional guarantees moved him to lead the demand for a separate state.

3.1.2 Pakistan into the 21st Century: From Independence to 2022

What problems did Pakistan face at independence in 1947?: Millions of refugees, the delayed division of financial and military assets, the lack of a capital and trained civil servants, almost no industry, and the disputed accession of Kashmir.
When did Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan die?: Jinnah died on 11 September 1948. Liaquat Ali Khan, the first prime minister, was assassinated in Rawalpindi in October 1951.
When did Pakistan adopt its constitutions?: 1956 (Pakistan became an Islamic Republic), 1962 (under Ayub Khan) and 1973 (under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto), which is still in force.
How did East Pakistan become Bangladesh?: After the Awami League won the 1970 election but power was not transferred, civil war and war with India followed, and Bangladesh became independent in December 1971.
Name Pakistan’s periods of military rule: Ayub Khan (1958–69) and Yahya Khan (1969–71); Zia-ul-Haq (1977–88); Pervez Musharraf (1999–2008).
What did the 18th Amendment (2010) do?: It restored parliamentary government by removing the president’s power to dissolve the National Assembly, and devolved many powers to the provinces.
Why was the 2013 general election significant?: It was the first time one elected civilian government completed its term and handed power to another through an election.
What is CPEC?: The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, launched in 2015: Chinese-funded roads, railways, power stations and the development of Gwadar port, linking western China to the Arabian Sea.
How did Imran Khan’s time as prime minister end?: He became prime minister in 2018 and was removed by a vote of no confidence in the National Assembly in April 2022.

3.1.3 Islam in the Subcontinent (c700–c1831) (optional)

Who brought Muslim rule to Sindh, and when?: Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, who conquered Sindh in 711–712.
Who was Mahmud of Ghazni?: Ruler of Ghazni who led repeated raids into northern India from about 1000 to 1027, including the sack of Somnath (1025), and made Lahore part of his empire.
How did the Delhi Sultanate begin?: Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan at the Second Battle of Tarain (1192). After Ghori’s death his general Qutb-ud-din Aibak became the first Sultan of Delhi in 1206.
How did Sufis help spread Islam in the subcontinent?: Through preaching, personal example, care for the poor and open shrines and lodges (khanqahs). Examples: Ali Hujwiri (Data Ganj Bakhsh) in Lahore and Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer.
Who was Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi?: A Naqshbandi scholar known as Mujaddid Alf Sani (“reviver of the second millennium”), who opposed Akbar’s religious innovations and called for a return to orthodox practice.
How did the Delhi Sultanate end?: Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last Lodi sultan, at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, founding the Mughal Empire.
What happened at Balakot in 1831?: Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail were killed fighting Sikh forces, ending the Jihad movement’s campaign in the north-west.

3.1.4 The Mughal Empire (c1526–c1850s) (optional)

How did Babur found the Mughal Empire?: He defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, using field artillery and cavalry tactics.
What happened to Humayun’s rule?: He was driven out by Sher Shah Suri in 1540 and regained the throne in 1555, shortly before his death.
How did Akbar (1556–1605) strengthen Mughal rule?: The mansabdari system of ranked officers, a reformed land revenue system, alliances with Rajput rulers, and a policy of religious tolerance (sulh-i-kul), including abolishing the jizya.
What was Din-i-Ilahi?: A set of religious ideas promoted by Akbar from 1582, drawing on several faiths. It had few followers and was criticised by orthodox scholars.
Which buildings are associated with Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb?: Shah Jahan: the Taj Mahal in Agra and the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore. Aurangzeb: the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.
Why is Aurangzeb’s reign (1658–1707) linked to Mughal decline?: Long, costly wars in the Deccan, rebellions by the Marathas and others, and policies such as reimposing the jizya (1679) that alienated many non-Muslim subjects.
What weakened the Mughal Empire in the 18th century?: Weak successors and wars of succession, the rise of the Marathas and Sikhs, Nadir Shah’s sack of Delhi (1739), and the expansion of the East India Company after Plassey (1757).
Who was the last Mughal emperor?: Bahadur Shah Zafar, deposed and exiled to Rangoon by the British after 1857.