Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies: Industrial Development — Practice Questions (0448)

These are original questions written for Marlbridge, for revision and practice on this content. They are not reproduced past-paper questions, and they do not replicate the exam’s exact structure, question count or mark tariffs — Cambridge International holds copyright in its own papers. Use these alongside the official past papers available free from your board.

Related: Industrial Development study guide and revision notes

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What do these questions practise? All of Section 5 Industrial development in Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448 Paper 2: definitions, the ten listed industries and their locations, the formal and informal sectors, government promotion and EPZs, call centres and tourism. Answers are written in mark-scheme style so you can see where each mark is earned.

Section A: recall

1. Define secondary industry and give one example from Pakistan. [2]

2. What is meant by value-added? [1]

3. Name the town that is the centre of the sports goods and surgical instruments industries. [1]

4. State two differences between large-scale and cottage industry. [2]

5. Name one export processing zone in Pakistan. [1]

6. Name one natural and one cultural tourist attraction in Pakistan. [2]

Section B: explanation

7. Describe the stages in the cotton industry from ginning to clothing. [4]

8. Explain why cement factories are located near limestone deposits. [3]

9. Explain why Pakistan Steel Mills was built near Karachi. [3]

10. Describe three services provided by the informal sector in a large city. [3]

11. Explain two ways in which the government promotes industrial growth. [4]

12. Describe the characteristics of an export processing zone and explain why such zones have been set up. [5]

13. Explain why fertiliser factories are often located near natural gas fields or pipelines. [3]

Section C: evaluation

14. Evaluate the contribution of the informal sector to the development of Pakistan. [6]

15. Assess the feasibility of developing tourism in the northern areas of Pakistan as a means of increasing employment and GDP. [6]

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Answers

1. Industry that processes raw materials or manufactures goods [1]; example: sugar refining, cement, textiles, fertiliser or steel [1].

2. The increase in value of a product at each stage of processing [1].

3. Sialkot [1].

4. Any two: large-scale uses many workers, cottage uses family members [1]; large-scale uses heavy machinery, cottage uses simple tools [1]; large-scale needs large capital, cottage little [1]; large-scale is in factories, cottage in homes [1].

5. Karachi EPZ (accept Sialkot or Gwadar) [1].

6. Natural: Hunza, Swat, Naran–Kaghan, K2 or a beach [1]. Cultural: Mohenjo-daro, Taxila, Lahore Fort or Badshahi Mosque [1].

7. Ginning separates the lint from the seed [1]; spinning turns lint into yarn [1]; weaving or knitting turns yarn into cloth [1]; cloth is dyed or printed and stitched into garments, towels or bed linen [1].

8. Limestone is heavy and bulky [1], and a large weight is lost in processing, so transporting the raw material is costly [1]. Locating at the deposit cuts transport costs; gypsum, another raw material, is often found nearby [1].

9. Pakistan imports most of its iron ore and coking coal [1], which arrive by ship [1], so a site beside Port Qasim cuts transport costs; Karachi also offers flat land, labour and a large market [1].

10. Any three: street vending of food or goods [1]; repairing vehicles, shoes or electrical items [1]; transport such as rickshaws [1]; domestic work [1]; collecting and recycling waste [1].

11. Any two developed: building infrastructure such as roads, power and industrial estates [1], which lowers costs for firms [1]; tax holidays and concessions [1], which attract investment [1]; loans and credit for small industry [1], helping new firms start [1]; training institutes [1], which raise worker skills [1].

12. Characteristics (up to 3): enclosed, secure site [1]; good infrastructure including power, water and roads [1]; duty-free import of machinery and raw materials [1]; tax concessions [1]; output mainly for export [1]. Reasons (up to 3): attract foreign investment [1]; earn foreign exchange [1]; create jobs [1]; transfer technology and skills [1]. Maximum 5.

13. Natural gas is the main raw material (feedstock) for making urea fertiliser [1] and is also used as the fuel to power the process [1]. A site on or near a gas field or pipeline gives a cheap, reliable supply and saves transport costs; the product is then sent by road and rail to farming areas of Punjab and Sindh [1].

14. Positive: provides jobs for many unskilled and migrant workers [1]; needs little capital [1]; supplies cheap goods and services to the poor [1]; feeds parts and components into formal exporters such as sports goods [1]. Negative: low and irregular incomes keep families in poverty [1]; no tax revenue for government [1]; poor safety and use of child labour [1]; poor quality may harm exports [1]. Judgement needed. Maximum 6.

15. For: spectacular scenery and mountaineering (K2, Hunza) attract domestic and foreign visitors [1]; jobs in hotels, guiding and transport [1]; foreign exchange raises GDP [1]; the Karakoram Highway gives road access [1]. Against: remote areas with landslides and road closures [1]; very seasonal, mostly summer [1]; security concerns deter some foreign tourists [1]; risk of litter, deforestation and pressure on water [1]. A judgement on feasibility, for example with investment in access and eco-tourism, is needed for full marks. Maximum 6.

Frequently asked questions

How many location factors should I give? Usually two or three, each explained, unless the mark allocation suggests more.

Can I use the same example for several questions? Yes. Sialkot, Karachi EPZ and the cotton chain are strong examples across many parts of this section.

Based on the Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448 syllabus for examination in 2026, Paper 2 Section 5.