Author
Marlbridge Academic Team
Teaching and curriculum
Subject specialists who write and review the study material published by Marlbridge. Individual author profiles will be published as the team is introduced.
Articles
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curriculum guides
Choosing subjects at IGCSE and A Level
How subject choices at 14 and 16 affect university options later, and how to keep pathways open without overloading a timetable.
28 July 2026
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exam preparation
Understanding mark schemes and examiner reports
Mark schemes explain how marks are awarded; examiner reports explain why they were lost. Reading both changes how a student answers a question.
21 July 2026
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study skills
How to revise for a science examination
Most science revision fails because it rereads notes instead of retrieving them. A practical method for revising physics, chemistry and biology in the weeks before a paper.
14 July 2026
Resources
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Study Guides
Acids, Bases, Buffers and Partition Coefficients
Calculating pH, Ka, pKa and Ksp, how buffer solutions work, and partition coefficients, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Amides and Amino Acids
Producing and hydrolysing amides, why amides are weaker bases than amines, and amino acid acid-base properties, zwitterions and electrophoresis, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Amines: Aliphatic and Aromatic, Basicity and Azo Dyes
Producing primary and secondary amines, comparing the basicity of ammonia, ethylamine and phenylamine, phenylamine's preparation, and azo dye coupling, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Arenes and Halogenoarenes: Electrophilic Substitution and Reactivity
The reactions and electrophilic substitution mechanism of benzene, directing effects of substituents, and the reactivity of halogenoarenes versus halogenoalkanes, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Carboxylic Acids and Acyl Chlorides
Producing benzoic acid, relative acidity of carboxylic acids and phenols, and the reactions and addition-elimination mechanism of acyl chlorides, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Chemical Energetics: Lattice Energy, Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy
Born-Haber cycles, enthalpies of solution and hydration, entropy change and Gibbs free energy, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Chromatography: Thin-Layer and Gas/Liquid Chromatography
Stationary and mobile phases, Rf values, retention times, and interpreting TLC and gas/liquid chromatograms, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Condensation Polymerisation and Polymer Degradability
Forming polyesters and polyamides, deducing repeat units and monomers, predicting polymerisation type, and why some polymers biodegrade and others don't, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Electrochemistry: Electrolysis and Standard Electrode Potentials
Quantitative electrolysis, standard electrode and cell potentials, predicting feasibility, and the Nernst equation, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Group 2: Quantitative Trends in Thermal Stability and Solubility
Explaining the thermal stability of Group 2 nitrates and carbonates, and the solubility trends of their hydroxides and sulfates, using lattice energy and hydration enthalpy, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
NMR Spectroscopy: Carbon-13 and Proton NMR
Interpreting carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra to deduce molecular structure, chemical shifts, peak areas, splitting patterns and the n+1 rule, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Optical Isomerism and Chirality
Enantiomers, chirality, racemic mixtures, plane-polarised light, and why chirality matters for drug synthesis, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
A Level Organic Chemistry: Naming, Mechanisms and Aromatic Shape
New A Level functional groups and naming, electrophilic substitution and addition-elimination terminology, and the shape of benzene, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
A Level Organic Synthesis: Multi-Step Routes with Aromatic Chemistry
Devising and analysing multi-step organic synthesis routes that combine aliphatic, aromatic and nitrogen chemistry, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Phenol: Reactions and Acidity
How phenol is produced, its reactions with bases and electrophiles, and why phenol, water and ethanol differ in acidity, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Reaction Kinetics: Rate Equations and Catalysis
Rate equations, orders of reaction, rate constants, reaction mechanisms, and homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Transition Elements: Colour, Stereoisomerism and Stability Constants
Why transition-metal complexes are coloured, cis/trans and optical isomerism in complexes, and stability constants, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Transition Elements: Properties, Complexes and Redox Chemistry
Why transition elements have variable oxidation states, act as catalysts and form complex ions, ligands, coordination number, and transition-metal redox titrations, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
A LEVEL
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Study Guides
Acids and Bases: The Brønsted-Lowry Theory
The Brønsted-Lowry theory, strong vs weak acids and bases, neutralisation, and reading titration curves and indicator choice, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Atomic Structure: Orbitals and Ionisation Energy
Electronic configuration by orbital, and how ionisation energy trends and data are explained and interpreted, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Alcohols: Reactions and Oxidation
Production, oxidation and distinguishing tests for primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Analytical Techniques: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
Reading an infrared spectrum for functional groups, and interpreting a mass spectrum for relative atomic mass, molecular mass, fragmentation and halogen content, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Addition Polymerisation
Deducing polymer repeat units and monomers, and the disposal problems addition polymers cause, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Atomic Structure: Particles, Radius and Isotopes
Subatomic particles, deflection in an electric field, atomic and ionic radius trends, and isotopes, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Atoms, Molecules and Stoichiometry at AS
Ionic formulae from Roman-numeral oxidation numbers, ionic equations, and stoichiometric calculations including limiting reagent and percentage yield, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones
Producing and reducing aldehydes and ketones, the nucleophilic addition mechanism with HCN, and the tests that identify and distinguish them, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Producing and reacting carboxylic acids, esterification, and the difference between acid and alkaline ester hydrolysis, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Chemical Bonding: Electronegativity, Ionic and Metallic Bonds
Electronegativity trends, the electrostatic models of ionic and metallic bonding, and using electronegativity to predict bond type, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Chemical Bonding: Shapes and Intermolecular Forces
Orbital overlap, VSEPR shapes and bond angles, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals' forces, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Chemical Energetics: Hess's Law and Enthalpy Cycles
Standard enthalpy changes, bond-energy calculations, and using Hess's law to construct enthalpy cycles, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Chemical Equilibria: Kc, Kp and Le Chatelier's Principle
Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, and the Kc and Kp equilibrium-constant expressions, including the Haber and Contact processes, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Group 17: The Halogens
Physical and chemical trends down Group 17, halide-ion reducing power, the silver nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid tests, and chlorine's disproportionation reactions, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
Reactions of the Group 2 metals and their oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates, and the solubility and thermal-stability trends down the group, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Halogenoalkanes: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination
SN1 and SN2 nucleophilic substitution, elimination, and the reactivity trend across halogenoalkanes, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and Alkenes
Free-radical substitution in alkanes and electrophilic addition in alkenes, with full mechanisms, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Nitrogen and Sulfur: Reactivity and Atmospheric Chemistry
Why nitrogen is so unreactive, the basicity of ammonia, and the role of nitrogen oxides in photochemical smog and acid rain, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Nitrogen Compounds: Amines and Nitriles
Producing primary amines, nitriles and hydroxynitriles, and how they connect to the halogenoalkane and carbonyl chemistry already covered, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Organic Synthesis: Planning Multi-Step Routes
Identifying functional groups, planning multi-step synthetic routes, and analysing given routes, using every AS organic reaction together, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
The Periodic Table: Periodicity Across Period 3
Physical and chemical periodicity across Period 3 (Na to Ar), including oxide and chloride reactions with water, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Reaction Kinetics: Collision Theory and Catalysis
Collision theory, activation energy, the Boltzmann distribution, and how catalysts work, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Redox Processes: Oxidation Numbers and Electron Transfer
Calculating and using oxidation numbers, balancing equations by oxidation-number change, and disproportionation, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
States of Matter: Ideal Gases and Structure
The ideal gas equation pV = nRT, and the four types of giant/molecular lattice structure and how they determine physical properties, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
Atoms, Elements and Compounds
Elements, compounds and mixtures, atomic structure, electronic configuration and isotopes for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Study Guides
Identification of Ions and Gases
The reagents, observations and conclusions for identifying anions, cations, gases and flame colours, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Study Guides
Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonding
Ionic, covalent, giant covalent and metallic bonding for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070, with structure explaining properties throughout.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Study Guides
Formulae, Equations and the Mole
Formulae, balanced equations, relative masses and mole calculations for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070 — where the two qualifications differ most.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Study Guides
Organic Mechanisms: An Introduction
The naming conventions, mechanism vocabulary and isomerism you need before studying any specific organic reaction, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
AS LEVEL
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Study Guides
The Periodic Table: Groups and Trends
How the Periodic Table is arranged, and the trends in Group I, Group VII, the transition elements and the noble gases, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Study Guides
Rates of Reaction and Reversible Reactions
Collision theory, the factors that change reaction rate, reversible reactions, equilibrium, and the Haber and Contact processes, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Study Guides
Redox Reactions
Oxidation and reduction by oxygen transfer, electron transfer and oxidation number, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Study Guides
States of Matter and Kinetic Particle Theory
Particle arrangement, changes of state and diffusion for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070, with IGCSE Core and Extended outcomes clearly labelled.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Practice Questions
Algebraic Manipulation
Question sets on expanding, factorising and rearranging, with worked solutions.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Revision Notes
Atomic Structure
Protons, neutrons and electrons, atomic and mass number, electronic configuration by shell, and isotopes, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
IGCSE, O LEVELS
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Study Guides
Kinematics and Motion Graphs
Reading displacement, velocity and acceleration graphs, and knowing which equation applies.
IGCSE, O LEVELS