Resources
Chemistry study guides
99 published, listed by title. Topic explanations written to be read once and understood.
All 99, by title
-
Study Guides
A Level Organic Chemistry: Naming, Mechanisms and Aromatic Shape
New A Level functional groups and naming, electrophilic substitution and addition-elimination terminology, and the shape of benzene, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
A Level Organic Synthesis: Multi-Step Routes with Aromatic Chemistry
Devising and analysing multi-step organic synthesis routes that combine aliphatic, aromatic and nitrogen chemistry, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Acids and Bases: The Brønsted-Lowry Theory
The Brønsted-Lowry theory, strong vs weak acids and bases, neutralisation, and reading titration curves and indicator choice, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Acids, Bases and Neutralisation: Titration Technique and Calculations
Common acids and alkalis, strong versus weak acid dissociation, neutralisation reactions, standard solution preparation, acid-base titration technique, and titration calculations, for OCR A Level Chemistry A H432, Module 2.1.4.
Chemistry · OCR · A LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Acids, Bases and Salts
Properties of acids and bases, strong vs weak acids, acidic/basic/amphoteric oxides, and preparing soluble and insoluble salts, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Acids, Bases, Buffers and Partition Coefficients
Calculating pH, Ka, pKa and Ksp, how buffer solutions work, and partition coefficients, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Addition Polymerisation
Deducing polymer repeat units and monomers, and the disposal problems addition polymers cause, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
Manufacturing ethanol by fermentation and by hydration of ethene, and the reactions of carboxylic acids including ester formation, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Alcohols: Reactions and Oxidation
Production, oxidation and distinguishing tests for primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Alloys and Extraction of Metals
Uses of metals, alloys and why they're harder than pure metals, and extracting iron and aluminium, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Amides and Amino Acids
Producing and hydrolysing amides, why amides are weaker bases than amines, and amino acid acid-base properties, zwitterions and electrophoresis, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Amines: Aliphatic and Aromatic, Basicity and Azo Dyes
Producing primary and secondary amines, comparing the basicity of ammonia, ethylamine and phenylamine, phenylamine's preparation, and azo dye coupling, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Amount of Substance: Moles, the Ideal Gas Equation and Atom Economy
Relative atomic and molecular mass, the mole and Avogadro constant, the ideal gas equation, empirical and molecular formulae, and balanced-equation calculations including percentage atom economy, for OxfordAQA International AS and A-level Chemistry 9620, section 3.1.2.
Chemistry · OxfordAQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Amount of Substance: The Mole, Empirical Formulae and Gas Calculations
The mole and Avogadro constant, empirical and molecular formulae, hydrated salts, mole calculations from mass, gas volume and concentration, the ideal gas equation, and percentage yield and atom economy, for OCR A Level Chemistry A H432, Module 2.1.3.
Chemistry · OCR · A LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Analytical Techniques: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
Reading an infrared spectrum for functional groups, and interpreting a mass spectrum for relative atomic mass, molecular mass, fragmentation and halogen content, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
AQA A-Level Chemistry: Atomic Structure (7405)
Fundamental particles, mass number, isotopes and electron configuration – the opening topic of AQA A-level Chemistry (7405), sitting within the Physical chemistry strand of the specification.
Chemistry · AQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
AQA A-Level Chemistry: Bonding (7405)
Ionic, covalent, dative covalent and metallic bonding, the four types of crystal structure and physical properties, the shapes of molecules and ions, bond polarity, and intermolecular forces – the full content of Section 3.1.3 for AQA A-Level Chemistry (7405).
Chemistry · AQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
AQA A-Level Chemistry: Relative Mass, the Mole and the Avogadro Constant (7405)
Relative atomic and molecular mass, the Avogadro constant, and mole calculations using mass, concentration and volume – 3.1.2.1 and 3.1.2.2 of AQA A-Level Chemistry (7405), AS-shared content.
Chemistry · AQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462: Chemical analysis – Study Guide
Study guide for AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462 Topic 8 Chemical analysis: purity, formulations, chromatography, gas tests, ion tests and flame emission.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462: Chemical changes – Study Guide
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462 Chemical changes taught from scratch: reactivity, redox, acids, salts, pH, titrations and electrolysis, with worked examples.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462: Chemistry of the atmosphere – Study Guide
Study guide for AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462 Topic 9: the early atmosphere, greenhouse gases, climate change, carbon footprint and pollutants from fuels.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462: Energy changes – Study Guide
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462 Energy changes taught from scratch: exothermic and endothermic reactions, reaction profiles, bond energies, cells and fuel cells.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462: Key ideas – Study Guide
Study guide to the AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462 key ideas: atoms, periodicity, bonding, structure, barriers to reaction, three reaction types and energy.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462: Organic chemistry – Study Guide
Study guide for AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462 Topic 7 Organic chemistry: crude oil, cracking, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids and polymers.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462: The rate and extent of chemical change – Study Guide
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462 rates and equilibrium taught from scratch: rate calculations, collision theory, catalysts, reversible reactions, Le Chatelier.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462: Using resources – Study Guide
Study guide for AQA GCSE Chemistry 8462 Topic 10: potable water, waste water, LCAs, recycling, corrosion, alloys, materials, Haber process and NPK.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table (8462)
Atomic structure, the periodic table and transition metals – the opening topic of AQA GCSE Chemistry (8462), a tiered Foundation/Higher qualification co-teachable with AQA Combined Science.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry: Chemical Bonds and Ionic Bonding (8462)
The three types of strong chemical bond, and how ionic bonding forms through electron transfer – 4.2.1.1 and 4.2.1.2 of AQA GCSE Chemistry (8462), including dot and cross diagrams and working out ion charge from group number.
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
AQA GCSE Chemistry: Quantitative Chemistry (8462)
Conservation of mass, relative formula mass, chemical measurements, concentration, percentage yield and atom economy, and (Higher Tier) moles, reacting masses, limiting reactants, concentrations in mol/dm3 and volumes of gases – the full content of Topic 4.3 for AQA GCSE Chemistry (8462).
Chemistry · AQA · GCSE
-
Study Guides
Arenes and Halogenoarenes: Electrophilic Substitution and Reactivity
The reactions and electrophilic substitution mechanism of benzene, directing effects of substituents, and the reactivity of halogenoarenes versus halogenoalkanes, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Atomic Structure and Isotopes: Relative Mass and Mass Spectrometry
Isotopes, atomic structure from atomic and mass number, relative isotopic and atomic mass, mass spectrometry, and relative molecular/formula mass, for OCR A Level Chemistry A H432, Module 2.1.1.
Chemistry · OCR · A LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Atomic Structure: Fundamental Particles, Isotopes, TOF-MS and Electron Configuration
Fundamental particles, mass number and isotopes, the time-of-flight mass spectrometer, electron configuration to Z=36, and ionisation energy evidence for shell and sub-shell structure, for OxfordAQA International AS and A-level Chemistry 9620, section 3.1.1.
Chemistry · OxfordAQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Atomic Structure: Orbitals and Ionisation Energy
Electronic configuration by orbital, and how ionisation energy trends and data are explained and interpreted, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Atomic Structure: Particles, Radius and Isotopes
Subatomic particles, deflection in an electric field, atomic and ionic radius trends, and isotopes, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Atomic Structure: Sub-Atomic Particles and the Development of the Atomic Model
Sub-atomic particles, the changing atomic model, atomic scale, and calculating protons, neutrons and electrons from atomic number, mass number and ion charge, for OCR GCSE (9-1) Chemistry A (Gateway Science) J248.
Chemistry · OCR · GCSE
-
Study Guides
Atoms, Molecules and Stoichiometry at AS
Ionic formulae from Roman-numeral oxidation numbers, ionic equations, and stoichiometric calculations including limiting reagent and percentage yield, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Bonding and Structure: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Bonding and the Four Crystal Types
Ionic, covalent and dative covalent, and metallic bonding, and the four crystal structure types – ionic, metallic, macromolecular and molecular – with named example structures, for OxfordAQA International AS and A-level Chemistry 9620, sections 3.1.3.1 to 3.1.3.4.
Chemistry · OxfordAQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes and Ketones
Producing and reducing aldehydes and ketones, the nucleophilic addition mechanism with HCN, and the tests that identify and distinguish them, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Carboxylic Acids and Acyl Chlorides
Producing benzoic acid, relative acidity of carboxylic acids and phenols, and the reactions and addition-elimination mechanism of acyl chlorides, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Producing and reacting carboxylic acids, esterification, and the difference between acid and alkaline ester hydrolysis, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Chemical Bonding: Electronegativity, Ionic and Metallic Bonds
Electronegativity trends, the electrostatic models of ionic and metallic bonding, and using electronegativity to predict bond type, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Chemical Bonding: Shapes and Intermolecular Forces
Covalent and coordinate bonding, expanded octets, orbital overlap, bond energy and length, VSEPR shapes and bond angles, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals' forces, and dot-and-cross diagrams including odd-electron species, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Chemical Energetics: Hess's Law and Enthalpy Cycles
Standard enthalpy changes, bond-energy calculations, and using Hess's law to construct enthalpy cycles, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Chemical Energetics: Lattice Energy, Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy
Born-Haber cycles, enthalpies of solution and hydration, entropy change and Gibbs free energy, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Chemical Equilibria: Kc, Kp and Le Chatelier's Principle
Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, and the Kc and Kp equilibrium-constant expressions, including the Haber and Contact processes, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Chemical Equilibria: Le Chatelier's Principle and the Equilibrium Constant Kc
Dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle, and writing and using the equilibrium constant Kc, for OxfordAQA International AS and A-level Chemistry 9620, assessed in Unit 2.
Chemistry · OxfordAQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Chemistry of the Environment
Testing and treating water, NPK fertilisers, and the sources and effects of air pollutants including the greenhouse effect, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Chromatography: Thin-Layer and Gas/Liquid Chromatography
Stationary and mobile phases, Rf values, retention times, and interpreting TLC and gas/liquid chromatograms, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Compounds, Formulae and Equations: Ionic Charges and Balanced Equations
Writing formulae of ionic compounds from ionic charges, recall of named polyatomic ions, and constructing balanced chemical and ionic equations with state symbols, for OCR A Level Chemistry A H432, Module 2.1.2.
Chemistry · OCR · A LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Condensation Polymerisation and Polymer Degradability
Forming polyesters and polyamides, deducing repeat units and monomers, predicting polymerisation type, and why some polymers biodegrade and others don't, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Mass Spectrometry (YCH11)
Protons, neutrons and electrons, isotopes, and using a mass spectrometer to determine relative atomic and molecular mass – outcomes 2.1-2.7 of Pearson Edexcel International A-Level Chemistry (YCH11), Unit 1's Atomic Structure content.
Chemistry · Pearson Edexcel · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry: Structure, Bonding and Introduction to Organic Chemistry (YCH11)
Formulae and amount of substance, atomic structure, bonding, and introductory organic chemistry – Unit 1 of Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level Chemistry, the first of three units forming the International AS.
Chemistry · Pearson Edexcel · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry: Principles of Chemistry (4CH1)
States of matter, atomic structure, bonding and electrolysis – the opening topic of Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry (4CH1), an untiered qualification assessed across two papers.
Chemistry · Pearson Edexcel · IGCSE
-
Study Guides
Electrochemistry: Electrolysis and Standard Electrode Potentials
Quantitative electrolysis, standard electrode and cell potentials, predicting feasibility, and the Nernst equation, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Electrolysis and Fuel Cells
Electrolysis of molten and aqueous compounds, predicting electrode products, electroplating, and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Energetics: Enthalpy Change, Calorimetry, Hess's Law and Bond Enthalpies
Standard enthalpy changes of combustion and formation, calorimetry using q = mc∆T, Hess's law calculations, and mean bond enthalpy, for OxfordAQA International AS and A-level Chemistry 9620, section 3.1.4.
Chemistry · OxfordAQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Exothermic and endothermic reactions, reaction pathway diagrams, activation energy, and calculating enthalpy change from bond energies, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Formulae, Equations and the Mole
Formulae, balanced equations, relative masses and mole calculations for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070 — where the two qualifications differ most.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Group 17: The Halogens
Physical and chemical trends down Group 17, halide-ion reducing power, the silver nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid tests, and chlorine's disproportionation reactions, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
Reactions of the Group 2 metals and their oxides, hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates, and the solubility and thermal-stability trends down the group, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Group 2: Thermal Stability and Solubility Trends
Explaining the thermal stability of Group 2 nitrates and carbonates, and the solubility trends of their hydroxides and sulfates, using lattice energy and hydration enthalpy, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Halogenoalkanes: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination
SN1 and SN2 nucleophilic substitution, elimination, and the reactivity trend across halogenoalkanes, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and Alkenes
Free-radical substitution in alkanes and electrophilic addition in alkenes, with full mechanisms, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
IB Diploma Programme Chemistry: Syllabus Guide
The Structure and Reactivity strands of the IB Diploma Programme Chemistry syllabus, with every numbered sub-topic (Structure 1-3, Reactivity 1-3) and recommended teaching hours, for first assessment 2025.
Chemistry · International Baccalaureate · IB
-
Study Guides
IB DP Chemistry Reactivity 3: Mechanisms of Chemical Change
Proton transfer, electron transfer, electron sharing and electron-pair sharing reactions – Reactivity 3, the largest single component in the IB Diploma Programme Chemistry syllabus, first assessment 2025, and how it draws on the Structure strand.
Chemistry · International Baccalaureate · IB
-
Study Guides
IB DP Chemistry Structure 1: Models of the Particulate Nature of Matter
Particle theory, the nuclear atom, electron configurations, the mole and ideal gases – Structure 1, the first content component of IB Diploma Programme Chemistry, first assessment 2025, and the particle-level model every later component assumes.
Chemistry · International Baccalaureate · IB
-
Study Guides
Identification of Ions and Gases
The reagents, observations and conclusions for identifying anions, cations, gases and flame colours, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonding
Ionic, covalent, giant covalent and metallic bonding for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070, with structure explaining properties throughout.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Metal Properties and Reactivity
Physical and chemical properties of metals, the reactivity series, and corrosion and its prevention, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Molecular Shapes, Bond Polarity and Intermolecular Forces
Electron-pair repulsion theory and molecular shapes, electronegativity and bond polarity, and the three types of intermolecular force including hydrogen bonding, for OxfordAQA International AS and A-level Chemistry 9620, sections 3.1.3.5 to 3.1.3.7.
Chemistry · OxfordAQA · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Nitrogen and Sulfur: Reactivity and Atmospheric Chemistry
Why nitrogen is so unreactive, the basicity of ammonia, and the role of nitrogen oxides in photochemical smog and acid rain, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Nitrogen Compounds: Amines and Nitriles
Producing primary amines, nitriles and hydroxynitriles, and how they connect to the halogenoalkane and carbonyl chemistry already covered, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
NMR Spectroscopy: Carbon-13 and Proton NMR
Interpreting carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra to deduce molecular structure, chemical shifts, peak areas, splitting patterns and the n+1 rule, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Optical Isomerism and Chirality
Enantiomers, chirality, racemic mixtures, plane-polarised light, and why chirality matters for drug synthesis, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Organic Chemistry: Formulae and Naming
Displayed and general formulae, homologous series, functional groups, structural isomers, and naming organic compounds, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Organic Mechanisms: An Introduction
The naming conventions, mechanism vocabulary and isomerism you need before studying any specific organic reaction, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Organic Synthesis: Planning Multi-Step Routes
Identifying functional groups, planning multi-step synthetic routes, and analysing given routes, using every AS organic reaction together, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
OxfordAQA IGCSE Chemistry: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table (9202)
States of matter, the structure of the atom, and the periodic table's arrangement by proton number – the opening topic of OxfordAQA International GCSE Chemistry 9202, and the foundation for every topic that follows.
Chemistry · OxfordAQA · IGCSE
-
Study Guides
Pearson Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry: Reactivity and Group Trends (4CH1)
Group 1 and Group 7 trends, gases in the atmosphere and the reactivity series – sub-topics (a) to (d) of Topic 2 Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry (4CH1).
Chemistry · Pearson Edexcel · IGCSE
-
Study Guides
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry 4CH1: Organic chemistry – Study Guide
Study guide for Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry 4CH1 Topic 4: crude oil, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, acids, esters and polymers.
Chemistry · Pearson Edexcel · IGCSE
-
Study Guides
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry 4CH1: Physical chemistry – Study Guide
Study guide for Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry 4CH1 Topic 3: energetics, Q = mcΔT, bond energies, rates of reaction and equilibria.
Chemistry · Pearson Edexcel · IGCSE
-
Study Guides
Petroleum, Alkanes and Alkenes
Fractional distillation of petroleum, alkane substitution reactions, and alkene addition reactions and cracking, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Phenol: Reactions and Acidity
How phenol is produced, its reactions with bases and electrophiles, and why phenol, water and ethanol differ in acidity, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Physical and Chemical Changes
How to identify and distinguish physical changes from chemical changes, with the evidence examiners actually accept, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Polymers
Addition and condensation polymerisation, nylon and PET, proteins as natural polyamides, and the environmental impact of plastics, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Practical Techniques: Experimental Design, Titrations, Chromatography and Separation
Apparatus, titration technique, chromatography (including Rf) and separation/purification methods for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070 — the practical-skills half of Topic 12.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Purity and Separating Mixtures
Purity, melting point, relative formula mass, empirical formula and the four core separation techniques – subtopic C2.1 of OCR GCSE (9-1) Chemistry A (Gateway Science) J248.
Chemistry · OCR · GCSE
-
Study Guides
Quantitative Chemistry: Conservation of Mass, the Mole and Molar Calculations
Conservation of mass in balanced equations, the mole concept, reacting-mass calculations, molar concentrations of solutions, and amount of substance in relation to gas volumes, for OxfordAQA International GCSE Chemistry 9202.
Chemistry · OxfordAQA · IGCSE
-
Study Guides
Rates of Reaction and Reversible Reactions
Collision theory, the factors that change reaction rate, reversible reactions, equilibrium, and the Haber and Contact processes, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
Reaction Kinetics: Collision Theory and Catalysis
Collision theory, activation energy, the Boltzmann distribution, and how catalysts work, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Reaction Kinetics: Rate Equations and Catalysis
Rate equations, orders of reaction, rate constants, reaction mechanisms, and homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Redox Processes: Oxidation Numbers and Electron Transfer
Calculating and using oxidation numbers, balancing equations by oxidation-number change, and disproportionation, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Redox Reactions
Oxidation and reduction by oxygen transfer, electron transfer and oxidation number, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
States of Matter and Kinetic Particle Theory
Particle arrangement, changes of state and diffusion for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070, with IGCSE Core and Extended outcomes clearly labelled.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
States of Matter: Ideal Gases and Structure
The ideal gas equation pV = nRT, and the four types of giant/molecular lattice structure and how they determine physical properties, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
The Periodic Table: Groups and Trends
How the Periodic Table is arranged, and the trends in Group I, Group VII, the transition elements and the noble gases, for Cambridge IGCSE 0620 and O Level 5070.
Chemistry · Cambridge · IGCSE, O LEVELS
-
Study Guides
The Periodic Table: Periodicity Across Period 3
Physical and chemical periodicity across Period 3 (Na to Ar), including oxide and chloride reactions with water, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · AS LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Transition Elements: Colour, Stereoisomerism and Stability Constants
Why transition-metal complexes are coloured, cis/trans and optical isomerism in complexes, and stability constants, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL
-
Study Guides
Transition Elements: Properties, Complexes and Redox Chemistry
Why transition elements have variable oxidation states, act as catalysts and form complex ions, ligands, coordination number, and transition-metal redox titrations, for Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry 9701.
Chemistry · Cambridge · A LEVEL